This hormone influences your mood and health

What does progesterone do in the body?

Progesterone (the corpus luteum hormone, “feel‑good” hormone or corpus luteum hormone) performs a wide range of important functions in our bodies. It is often called the “pregnancy hormone,” but its effects go far beyond that. Its production is controlled by luteinizing hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland. The adrenal glands also produce small amounts of this hormone, even when pregnancy is not present.

Progesterone regulates the menstrual cycle by being released in greater amounts during the second half of the cycle, after ovulation. It helps to balance the cycle and prepares the body for a possible pregnancy. If a woman does not become pregnant, the decline in progesterone levels triggers menstruation. This harmonious interaction helps keep the cycle regular. 

One of progesterone’s main roles is its key function in preparing the uterus for a potential pregnancy. After ovulation, the follicle develops into the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. This causes the uterine lining to thicken and become ready for the implantation of a fertilised egg. If fertilisation does not occur, progesterone levels fall and menstruation begins. During pregnancy, the placenta takes over progesterone production and supports the continuation of the pregnancy. 

Beyond reproduction, progesterone also has positive effects on other areas of your health. It strengthens the bones, supports the growth of hair and nails and promotes the body’s regeneration. It also benefits the skin by extending the lifespan of skin cells. Additionally, it contributes to improved sleep quality by promoting deep sleep.

The “feel‑good hormone” also provides significant benefits for the brain and nervous system. Progesterone increases serotonin production, which can lift your mood. It helps regulate the sensation of fullness after eating and enhances dopamine‑controlled signalling, which can improve focus and motivation. Furthermore, progesterone has calming effects on the brain, supports the repair of nerve cells and can even reduce over‑excitability in diseased neurons.

What role does progesterone play in the female cycle?

In the first half of the cycle, before ovulation, oestrogen causes the uterine lining to build up and prepares it for possible implantation of a fertilised egg. Once ovulation has occurred, progesterone takes on the important task of further preparing and supporting the uterine lining.

Progesterone is mainly produced in the corpus luteum, which forms from the follicle wall after ovulation. This sex hormone ensures that essential nutrients are transported to the uterine lining to optimally prepare it for possible implantation. At the same time, progesterone promotes blood flow to the uterine lining, improving the nourishment of the potential embryo site.

If the egg is not fertilised and no implantation occurs, the corpus luteum begins to regress. This decline leads to a fall in progesterone levels, which eventually triggers the menstrual bleed and restarts the cycle.

Do only women have progesterone?

Although progesterone is often called a “female hormone,” it is also produced in men, albeit in smaller amounts. In men, progesterone is produced in the adrenal cortex and in the testes. Progesterone is therefore not exclusively a female hormone but an important component of the hormonal balance in both sexes.

What does progesterone do in men?

In the testes, progesterone serves as an important intermediate in testosterone synthesis. In addition, a smaller amount of progesterone is produced in the adrenal glands in both women and men. It is synthesised from cholesterol and is the starting point for the production of many other hormones such as cortisol, androgens and aldosterone.

An especially interesting function of progesterone in men is its contribution to sperm health. It helps protect the reproductive organs from the effects of excess oestrogen. This is particularly important, as too much oestrogen can negatively affect the reproductive organs.

Progesterone also affects male fertility. It increases sperm activity in the female genital tract and makes them especially active when they approach the egg. Progesterone also promotes the so‑called acrosome reaction of sperm, during which an enzyme cocktail is released to make the egg’s outer layer more permeable. This increases the chances of sperm penetrating the egg.

Moreover, progesterone plays a role in fighting the so‑called “beer belly”. It helps neutralise oestrogen produced in this area, which can reduce the formation of fat deposits.

Overall, progesterone is much more than a by‑product of hormone synthesis. It is a key player in male reproduction and helps maintain hormonal balance and overall health.

Can too much progesterone be harmful?

Yes, too much progesterone can indeed be harmful and should be taken seriously. Elevated progesterone levels can indicate a range of underlying causes that need careful investigation. In the worst cases, serious health problems may occur, such as the development of ovarian tumours or inherited hormonal disorders. One possible consequence is the adrenogenital syndrome (AGS). In AGS, there is an excess of male hormones in females and girls, or severe disturbances in mineral balance in males and boys.

Symptoms of elevated progesterone can be varied and include hormonal imbalances that lead to irregular menstrual cycles, skin problems or mood swings. Therefore, if a hormonal overproduction is suspected, it is important to consult a physician promptly to identify the exact cause and take appropriate measures.

What causes low progesterone?

Low progesterone can have many different causes and is often a puzzle that medical professionals must solve carefully. Here are some common reasons why progesterone levels may fall. 

Corpus luteum insufficiency is one of the most common causes of low progesterone. The corpus luteum, which forms after ovulation, produces progesterone. If it does not function properly, a deficiency can occur, which often manifests as cycle disorders or difficulty conceiving.

Both underactive and overactive thyroid conditions can disrupt the hormonal balance and lead to low progesterone. Disorders of the adrenals, gut or pancreas can also impair progesterone production. Diabetes and insulin resistance can contribute to hormonal imbalance, including low progesterone. The same applies to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis.

A deficiency in important nutrients such as vitamin B6, magnesium and zinc can affect progesterone production.

Because body fat produces oestrogen, an excess of body fat can cause hormonal imbalance and lower progesterone levels.

Previous infections can damage the ovaries and impair their ability to produce progesterone. Xenoestrogens, found in plastic packaging, cosmetics and cleaning products, can burden the hormonal system and contribute to low progesterone.

Chronic stress and burnout can increase production of stress hormones such as cortisol, at the expense of progesterone.

Starting or stopping the contraceptive pill can affect the natural hormonal cycle and influence progesterone levels. In the years before and during the menopause, many women experience hormonal changes that can lead to low progesterone.

If you suspect your progesterone level is low, it is important to consult your gynaecologist. A comprehensive medical examination can help identify the exact cause and find appropriate treatment options.

What does progesterone do during the menopause?

During the menopause, the frequency and regularity of ovulation decrease, leading to a decline in progesterone production. Toward the end of the menopausal transition, progesterone levels can drop to values similar to those found in men. 

Low progesterone values can result in irregular or unpredictable menstrual cycles. Women often experience changes in the intensity and regularity of their periods, which can add challenges to everyday life. Low progesterone can cause breast tenderness, irritability and even sleep problems. These symptoms are familiar to many women going through the menopause.

If you notice symptoms that ring a bell, it may be helpful to discuss them with a doctor to find suitable measures to support you during this transition phase.

Can progesterone also affect mental health? 

To understand how this works, it helps to look at the balance between the sex hormones progesterone and oestrogen. The two work closely together, and an optimal balance between them is crucial for your well‑being.

If your progesterone level is too low, oestrogen can dominate. This can lead to a variety of psychological and emotional problems. One study showed that a high progesterone level, as occurs in the second half of the menstrual cycle, is generally associated with less aggression, irritability and fatigue. However, if no egg is fertilised, progesterone falls, leading to a hormonal imbalance.

The severity of symptoms can vary from woman to woman — while some notice only minor mood changes, others may suffer extreme discomfort. In especially severe cases, known as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), symptoms such as depression, extreme mood swings and anxiety occur, which can significantly impair daily life.

Additionally, studies have shown that women who suffer severe PMS due to low progesterone levels have an increased risk of postpartum depression. Around one in five women experience postpartum depression (PPD), whose symptoms can include fatigue, irritability and loss of appetite, and in extreme cases suicidal thoughts.

Also during perimenopause, the transition period before menopause, declining oestrogen and progesterone levels are linked to a higher risk of depressive symptoms. Research indicates that this hormonal decline contributes to an increased risk of depression. Conditions such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), associated with elevated male hormones and low progesterone, also show a connection with depression and anxiety.

What is bioidentical progesterone?

Bioidentical progesterone is a specific form of the corpus luteum hormone that has exactly the same molecular structure as the progesterone that occurs naturally in our bodies. You could say it is the “twin” of the body’s own progesterone, matching it in composition.

This type of progesterone is derived from plants, primarily from the yam root. The active compound in this root, diosgenin, serves as the starting material for producing bioidentical progesterone. Through a carefully controlled manufacturing process, diosgenin is converted in several steps into progesterone that corresponds to the natural hormone in the body.

The major advantage of bioidentical progesterone is that the body processes it in the same way as its own progesterone. Since it fits perfectly to the body’s receptors, it can act precisely where it is needed and thus provide a targeted support for hormonal balance.

Unlike synthetic hormones, which often differ structurally from natural hormones, bioidentical progesterone is therefore a more “natural” solution that helps the body regain and maintain hormonal balance.

How to keep your progesterone level healthy: useful tips

• If you suffer from progesterone deficiency, bioidentical progesterone might be a good option because it shares the same structure as your endogenous progesterone and can be more effective.
• Be aware of possible side effects. Use of synthetic progesterone may cause side effects such as changes in the menstrual cycle, headaches or dizziness. 
• Prefer transdermal application. Transdermal progesterone preparations (such as creams or gels) often require a lower dose than oral preparations because they avoid the hepatic “first‑pass effect.”
• Before applying a new progesterone cream or ointment over a large area, test it on a small patch of skin to rule out allergic reactions.
• Progesterone can interact with other medications such as barbiturates or antiepileptics. Inform your doctor about all medicines you are taking to avoid unwanted interactions.
• Essential oils such as yarrow and chaste tree (vitex) may help regulate progesterone balance. They can be used in aromatherapy or specialised care products.
• Certain foods such as yam, flaxseed, lentils, buckwheat, oats, pineapple, ginseng, garlic, coffee and cocoa contain compounds that can support natural progesterone production. Incorporate these foods into your diet.
• Vitamin B6 and vitamin C are important for hormonal regulation. Supplement your diet with these vitamins if necessary.
• Vitamin D plays an important role in hormonal regulation. Try to spend time outdoors in the sun regularly to maintain adequate vitamin D levels.
• Be cautious with hormonal contraceptives. Progesterone is used in the mini‑pill and the “morning‑after pill.” If you use these methods, be aware of possible impacts on your hormonal balance.
• If you are in the menopausal transition, progesterone can help relieve symptoms such as hot flashes and sleep disturbances. Discuss with your doctor whether hormone therapy is appropriate for you.
• So‑called liposomes help transport progesterone more effectively through the skin. If you use a transdermal product, ensure it contains liposomes to achieve better efficacy.
• For irregularities in the menstrual cycle or a missed ovulation, progesterone can be helpful. Check with your doctor whether therapy is advisable.
• If you apply progesterone topically, avoid exposing the treated areas to direct sunlight or using other topical products at the same time.
• Hormone levels can vary widely. Have your values checked regularly and discuss them with your doctor to adjust your therapy accordingly.

Progesterone affects not only our physical health but also our mental well‑being and quality of life. The corpus luteum hormone plays many roles — from gentle support during the menopause to precise regulation when trying to conceive — and provides a key contribution to a harmonious balance. By understanding its actions and using it appropriately, we can improve our wellbeing and rediscover new energy for life.